Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic is adversely impacting modern human civilization.A global view using a systems science approach is necessary to recognize the close interactions between health of animals, humans and the environment.Discussion A model is developed initially by describing five sequential or parallel steps on how a RNA virus
In a long freight train, if some freight wagons derail away from the locomotive, there may be a delay in noticing the derailment.In such cases, there is a concern that the wagons may continue to run while derailed, causing significant damage to track components.Therefore, early detection of derailment is strongly required.On the other hand, it is d
Food allergy is an increasing public health challenge worldwide.It has recently been hypothesized that the increase in exposure to intestinal epithelial barrier-damaging biological and chemical agents contribute to this development.In animal models, exposure to adjuvants with a food allergen has been shown to promote sensitization and development o
Abstract Background The Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV or Sabin) is genetically unstable and may mutate to form vaccine-derived polioviruses exhaust tips for chrysler 300 (VDPVs).Methods In 2014, two VDPVs type 2 were identified during routine surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases.Consequently, a retrospective VDPV survey was conducted to en